Answer:
d) relative to others instead of against performance standards.
Explanation:
Contrast error is one that occurs during performance rating where a person is not rated objectively, but against previous people who performed good or badly.
The person's ratings is affected negatively or positively.
A person that performs well subconsciously sets a benchmark in the mind of the rater, and he now rates future participants based on this benchmark and not on performance standards that have been set.