The two common by-products of sugar fermentation are acid ( like lactic acid) or hydrogen and gas(carbon dioxide). During fermentation , any gas that is produced by the microbes get trapped in the inverted Durham tube and bubbles will appear.
The acid production is indicated by the color change of medium from normal red to yellow and remains red for no acid production.
The respiration process can be aerobic or anaerobic. In both process glycolysis, which occur in absence of oxygen is common. In this process one molecule of glucose is converted into two molecules of pyruvic acid . Gycolysis occur in cell cytoplasm. In anaerobic respiration is a cytosolic process, which results in production of lactic acid ( lactic acid fermentation) or ethanol and carbon dioxide (alcoholic fermentation)
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