The sentence "No consuma comidas y bebidas dulces ni ácidas porque ocasionarán caries que causarán dolor en sus dientes" is actually correct.
"Dolor" is a noun.
If you want to use the verb and conjugation "duela", the sentence needs to be changed to:
"Duelan" in this case is conjugated in the presente tense of the subjuntive mood (''presente de subjuntivo'' in Spanish), which is used to talk about situations of doubt, desire, emotion, necessity, or uncertainty, as well as recommendations.
Dola/no dola is not grammatically correct.
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