10. Explain why cell cycle regulators are critical to the health of an organism. What can happen if cell division is allowed to proceed without being regulated?

7. Describe the structure of the plasma membrane. What structures are on the side of the membrane facing the environment, the side of the membrane facing the cell, and the inside of the membrane?
14. Compare and contrast a frameshift mutation and a single nucleotide substitution mutation in a DNA sequence encoding a protein. How many nucleotides would be inserted or deleted in each? How many amino acids in the protein sequence would be altered in each?

Explanation: Plasma membranes are composed of phospholipid bilayers. These membrane layers are selectively permeable and function as an internal regulator controlling which substances enter and exit the cell. The two layers of the plasma membrane are called lipid molecule sheets. The hydrophilic (water-loving side) and the hydrophobic (water-hating side). The bilayers form a sandwich-type shape with the hydrophilic head facing inside, and the outside of the cell and the hydrophobic tails form the inside of the membrane.

In frameshift mutations, the addition or deletion of 1,2 or 4 nucleotides occurs, which changes the ribosome reading frame. In single-nucleotide substitution, only one is substituted, as the name implies. A single substation is when one of our DNA bases is replaced with another and changes one amino acid. In Frame-shift, mutations usually have more significant effects on the final proteins. Frame shifts can affect the entire chain of proteins.