The answer is: [C]: appositive.
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The text within this very question itself is the definition of an "appositive phrase".
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Note: In other words, consider the text of this very question itself:
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"What kind of phrase renames a noun or pronoun and appears directly after the word it renames?"
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And note that an: "appositive phrase" is a "...phrase [that] renames a noun or pronoun and appears directly after the word it renames."
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