Answer:
Rivera
a. Rivera's civil fraud penalty is:
$5,000 ($45,000 - $40,000)
b. Present value of Rivera's penalty is:
$3,249.50 ($5,000 * 0.6499)
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
Income tax underpayment = $45,000
Underpayment due to fraud = $40,000
Civil fraud penalty = $5,000 ($45,000 - 40,000)
Rate of return = 9%
Number of years = 5 years
Present value factor = 0.6499
b) The present value of the penalty represents the $5,000 discounted to its present value using the discount factor of 0.6499. This results into $3,249.50 after 5 years at an interest rate of 9% per annum.