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Answer:
Salt is an ionic bond because when it dissolves, it has a high conductivity. I accept this hypothesis.
Sand is a covalent bond because it is insoluble in water. I accept this hypothesis.
Cornstarch is an ionic bond because it can dissolve in water. I reject this hypothesis.
Baking soda is a covalent bond because it is insoluble in water. I reject this hypothesis.
Sugar is a covalent bond because it is insoluble in water. I accept this hypothesis.
Calcium chloride is an ionic bond because it is insoluble in water. I reject this hypothesis.
Classification and Discussion of the Compounds:
Table salt is classified as an ionic bond because according to the chemical formula, one of the elements, sodium, is a nonmetal and the other, chlorine, is a metal. All bonds between metals and nonmetals (excluding hydrogen as a metal) are ionic bonds because they give or take the valence electrons. Also, some results from the experimentation supports this deduction. For example, the conductivity level for the table salt/distilled water solution was nine hundred µS/cm, a very high conductivity often found in ionic bonds. The relative melting point of zero change also supports this inference because it signifies a very high melting point which is very common in compounds joined through an ionic bond. While the relative solubility point does not support this conclusion, this is due to errors in the experiment.
Sand is classified as a covalent bond due to both its chemical formula and the results from the experiments. All of the elements in sand (silicon and oxygen) are nonmetals, and all covalent bonds between elements are between nonmetals. Also, the fact that it had a low conductivity (fourteen µS/cm), low melting point (relative melting point of ten), and a low solubility point (a relative solubility point of three tenths): these characteristics are those of covalent bonds.
Cornstarch is classified as a covalent bond as well due to its chemical formula and most of the results from the experiments. Cornstarch's chemical formula including carbon and oxygen (nonmetals) and hydrogen (behaves like a nonmetal in bonds) shows that it is a covalent bond because covalent bonds include only nonmetal elements. The only experiment result that supports this observation is the low conductivity level (fourteen µS/cm). The other experiment results do not support this conclusion due to sources of error. While those two results do not support the data, the evidence from the chemical formula trumps the experimental evidence.
Baking soda is classified as an ionic bond. This was deduced from both the chemical formula and the experimental data. In the chemical formula; sodium (a metal) and hydrogen,carbon, and oxygen (all nonmetals) show an ionic bond because it is a bond between a metal and nonmetals. Also, the high conductivity level of six hundred µS/cm and the high melting point (deduced form the relative melting point of zero) lead one to believe the bond is ionic as well; however, the low solubility level does not agree with the data, it is just an experimental error.
Calcium chloride is a covalent bond proven by its chemical formula. It contains the elements calcium and chlorine, two nonmetal elements, which support a covalent bond (a bond between two nonmetals). While the high conductivity (one hundred thirty µS/cm) and high solubility (relative solubility of four) don't support this conclusion, this can be dismissed as sources of error. The melting point however is not a strong indicator of which bond it could be, for it was in the middle at a relative melting point of five. This lack of indication can also be dismissed as a source of error during experimentation.
Explanation:
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