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Substituents on an aromatic ring can have several effects on electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions. Substituents can activate or deactivate the ring to substitution, donate or withdraw electrons inductively, donate or withdraw electrons through resonance, and direct substitution either to the ortho/para or to the meta positions. From the following lists, select the substituents that have the indicated property. The substituents are written as -XY, where X is the atom directly bound to the aromatic ring.
1. Activation of the ring towards substitution
a. -NHCOCH3
b. -COOH
c. -CH3
d. -SO3H
2. Ortho/para-directed substitution
a. -NH2
b. -NO2
c. -CN
d. -OCH3
3. Withdrawal of electrons through resonance
a. -CH3
b. -CF3
c. -COOH
d. -OH
e. -F

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Answer:

Activation of the ring towards substitution

NHCOCH3

Ortho/para-directed substitution

NH2

Withdrawal of electrons through resonance

COOH

Explanation:

Electrophilic aromatic substitution is common to all aromatic compounds. A substituted benzene reacts either faster or slower than benzene itself. Substituents that increase the rate of electrophilic substitution compared to benzene are called activators while substances that decrease the rate of electrophilic substitution compared to benzene are called deactivators. All activators apart from halogens are also ortho-para directing substituents. Meta directors deactivate the ring towards electrophilic substitution.

When -COOH is attached to a benzene ring electron withdrawal via resonance predominates due to the the C=O group present.

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