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“The overseas foreign countries like Vietnam, Cambodia, Korea, Thailand, India, Japan, and the various small island countries [in the Pacific] are separated from us by mountains and seas. Their lands would not produce enough for us to justify conquering them. Their peoples would not usefully serve us if we were to include them into our empire. If they were foolish enough to disturb our borders, it would be unfortunate for them. If they gave us no trouble and we invaded them unnecessarily, it would be unfortunate for us.

On the other hand, the barbarians who threaten China from the north and the west are always a danger along our frontiers. We should train our best generals and soldiers to defend ourselves from these northern and western barbarians.

I am concerned that future emperors might abuse China’s wealth and power and be tempted to pursue short-lived military glories. Let me sharply remind them that starting wars without good reason is forbidden.”

Emperor Hongwu, first emperor of the Chinese Ming dynasty, policy statement addressed to government officials, 1373

a) Identify ONE claim made in the passage about China’s relations with its neighbors.

b) Identify ONE specific example in the period 1200–1450 of the threat referenced by Emperor Hongwu in the second paragraph.

c) Describe the emperor’s purpose in issuing the policy statement in the passage.

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Answer:

A) The Chinese Empire does not have good relations with the tribes on it's northern Border.

B) An example is that of the Mongol Emperor Genghis Khan and his successors who seriously challenged China's dominance

C) The Emperor's purpose was to develop a overall foreign policy and a defense policy that will shape the Empire's relations, resources and politics.

Explanation:

A) The northern plains of Gobi desert were home to numerous small tribes who not only fought with one another but constantly raided Chinese territory. This was one of the main reasons for building the 'Great Wall' as a fortification.

B) Gengis Khan and his successors looked at the Chinese capital as the key target to invade. Within a couple of years, the mongols were able to capture large parts of mainland China and even take Beijing, which they called Khanbaliq.

C) The aim of issuing this policy was to develop a long-term vision for the Chinese Empire which would be followed by generations to come. By clearly laying out threats and limitations of the Empire, the aim was to build resources to make sure, they can defend against intrusions while enjoy cordial relations with most neighbours.

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