Information transfer is fundamental to all living organisms. For the following examples, explain in detail how the transfer of information is accomplished.
1. The genetic material from one bacterial cell enters another via transformation, transduction, OR conjugation?
2. The genetic material in one eukaryotic cell is copied and distributed to two identical daughter cells.
3. A gene in a eukaryotic cell is transcribed and translated to produce a protein.

For transformation, here, there is genetic alteration of a cell. It is a process of horizontal gene transfer where bacteria take up foreign genetic material from the environment.

Transduction is genetic recombination in bacteria where genes from a host cell are carried into the genome of a bacterial virus and then carried to another host during infection cycle.

Conjugation. In this, DNA plasmid is transferred from one bacterium to another through pilus.

2. We explain also in details how genetic material in one eukaryotic is copied and distributed.

Genetic material is copied during DNA replication and genetic material is distributed during mitosis.

The followings take place during DNA replication.

• DNA is copied during interphase, S phase of cell cycle.

• Site origin of DNA is known.

• Unwinding of DNA at the origin

• Synthesis of new strands with enzyme called helicase.

• Formation of replication forks.

• Proteins associated with replication forks help in the initiation and continuation.

• DNA polymerase synthesizes new strands by adding nucleotides that complement each strand.

Mitosis.

• Chromosomes are doubled

• Prophase: phase of condensation of chromosomes, formation of spindle.

• Metaphase: Alignment of chromosomes

• Anaphase: Chromatids are separated

• Telophase: reformation of nuclear membrane, division of cells, cell cycle control.

3. We also explain how transcription and translation of gene in eukaryotic.

Transcription

• Here we have DNA sequence to RNA sequence.

• Occurs in the nucleus

• DNA is carried into nucleosomes.

• RNA polymerase: add complementary RNA nucleotides to DNA template.

• Growth of new strands

• Leads to mRNA processing.

Translation

• Here we have mRNA base sequences to amino acids initiation

• Sequence of events such as complexes, small unit of ribosomes.

• Also we have the first tRNA

• Structure of ribosomes formed.

• Complete description of two subunits, 2 action sites, rRNA and proteins.