Read this passage from chapter 5 of The Prince.
But when cities or countries are accustomed to live under a prince, and his family is exterminated, they, being on the one hand accustomed to obey and on the other hand not having the old prince, cannot agree in making one from amongst themselves, and they do not know how to govern themselves. For this reason they are very slow to take up arms, and a prince can gain them to himself and secure them much more easily.
What features of the passage identify it as using a cause-and-effect structure? Select three options.
1The first sentence lists specific conditions followed by what might eventually happen.
2The first sentence uses the expressions “on the one hand” and “on the other hand.”
3The second sentence starts with the expression “for this reason.”
4The second sentence lists potential consequences of the situation described.
5The second sentence describes the citizens of the conquered city.

"The Prince" (1532) is a political treatise by Niccolo Machiavelli (1469-1527) who was an Italian diplomat, politician, historian, and political philosopher.

The Chapter 5 of the book is "Conquered Free States, with their own laws and orders"

Option 1 might or might not be a cause-and-effect structure. It might not necessarily be cause-and-effect structure. Two events happening one after and other does not show that the first one is the cause and the second one effect. But, it is also true that in cause-and-effect structure one event (result) happens followed by another event.

Option 3 is correct because it clearly shows a cause-and-effect structure (for this reason).

Option 4 is correct because the events stated in the second sentence are the consequences (effect/result) of the situations described in the first sentence.

Option 2 is not cause-and-effect structure. "On the one hand" and "on the other hand" is used to describe two parallel and contrasting ideas. Hence, it is a contrasting structure.

Option 5 is not a cause-and-effect structure because the phrase "citizen of the conquered city" in no way shows the cause and effect of any situation