1) The answer is: the atomic number is 90 and atomic mass is 234.
Gamma rays contain much more energy (most penetrating) than other waves because they have a greater frequencies.
Gamma rays are the electromagnetic waves with the shortest wavelengths (1 pm), highest frequencies (300 EHz) and highest energy (1,24 MeV).
During gamma emission the nucleus emits radiation without changing its composition, if for example have nucleus with six protons and six neutrons (carbon atom) and after gamma decay there is nucleus with six protons and six neutrons.
2) The answer is: the atomic number is 2 and atomic mass is 4 of the alpha particle.
Alpha particle is nucleus of a helium-4 atom, which is made of two protons and two neutrons.
Alpha decay is radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and transforms into an atom with an atomic number that is reduced by two and mass number that is reduced by four.
3) Nuclear equation: ²³⁸U → ²³⁴Th + α (alpha particle).
Nuclear reactions can produce new elements, because number of protons and neutrons is changed.
Thorium is in actinoid series .
Thorium (Th) is radioactive metallic chemical element with atomic number 90.
Half-life of thorium-234 isotope is 24.1 days.
4) Nuclear equation: ²¹²Po → ²⁰⁸Pb + α (alpha particle) or
212/84 Po → 208/82Rn + α.
Alpha decay is radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and transforms into an atom with an atomic number that is reduced by two and mass number that is reduced by four.
So, radium decays and new element is formed with:
a) atomic number 82 (84 -2). This new element is lead (Pb).
Lead (symbol: Pb) is a chemical element with atomic number 82, it has 82 protons and 82 electrons.
b) mass number is 208 (212 -4).
5) Nuclear equation: ²²⁶U → ²³²Rn + α (alpha particle) or
226/88U → 222/86Rn + α.
Alpha decay is radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus) and transforms into an atom with an atomic number that is reduced by two and mass number that is reduced by four.
So, radium decays and new element is formed with:
a) atomic number 86 (88 -2). This new element is radon (Rn).
The most stable isotope of radon (Rn) is radon-222 with a half-life of 3.82 days.
b) mass number is 222 (226 -4).
6) The answer is: the atomic number is 7 and atomic mass is 14.
Beta decay is radioactive decay in which a beta ray and a neutrino are emitted from an atomic nucleus.
There are two types of beta decay: beta minus and beta plus.
In beta minus decay (this example), neutron is converted to a proton, an electron and an electron antineutrino and decay atomic number Z is increased by one.
7) The answer is: the atomic number -1 and mass number is 0 of the beta particle.
The 0 in superscript of beta particle, means that the mass number is zero and the -1 in subscript means that its stomic number is one and it has a charge negative.
Beta particles are similar to electrons and can penetrate a fraction of the way in to the skin.
An unstable atomic nucleus with an excess of neutrons may undergo β− decay
8) Nuclear equation: ¹⁴C → ¹⁴N + e⁻ (or 0/-1e) or
14/6C → 14/7N + 0/-1e.
In beta minus decay (atomic number Z is increased by one, from 6 in carbon to 7 in nitrogen) neutron is converted to a proton and an electron and an electron antineutrino.
Beta decay is radioactive decay in which a beta ray and a neutrino are emitted from an atomic nucleus.
9) Nuclear equation: ¹³¹I → ¹³¹Xe + e⁻ (or 0/-1e) or
131/53I → 131/54Xe + 0/-1e.
In beta minus decay of iodine, new element is formed with:
a) atomic number 54. Element with atomic number 54 is xenon (Xe).
Xenon (symbol: Xe) is an element (noble gas) with atomic number 54, which means it has 54 protons and 54 electrons.
b) mass number 131. Mass number is sum of protons and neutrons in nucleus of an atom.
10) Nuclear equation: ²⁴Na → ²⁴Mg + e⁻ (or 0/-1e) or
24/11Na → 24/12Mg + 0/-1e.
In beta minus decay of sodium-24, new element is formed with:
a) atomic number 12. Element with atomic number 12 is magnesium (Mg).
Magnesium has atomic number 12, which means it has 12 protons and 12 electrons.
b) mass number 24. Mass number does not change.
The phenomenon of radioactivity creates new isotopes.
Let us look at each question one after the other;
1) The atomic number and mass number of the product are 90 and 234. The atomic number of the alpha particle is 2 while its mass number is 4.
2) The alpha decay of uranium is shown by the equation; ²³⁸U → ²³⁴Th + α (alpha particle).
3) The alpha decay of polonium is shown by the equation; ²¹²Po → ²⁰⁸Pb + α (alpha particle)
4) The beta decay of the carbon atom yields a nucleus with atomic number and mass number 7 and 14 respectively.
5) The beta particle has an atomic number of 1 and a mass number of zero.
6) The beta decay of carbon is shown by; ¹⁴C → ¹⁴N + e⁻
7) The beta decay of iodine is shown by the equation; ¹³¹I → ¹³¹Xe + e⁻
8) The beta decay of sodium is shown by the equation; ²⁴Na → ²⁴Mg + e⁻
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